authorities, together with an outline o f the cons truction. T o enter into a detail o f both, would require a v o lum e : I shall therefore barely specify the authorities fo r the sea coasts, and fo r such parts o f the interior as have been aforetimes described b y geographers; and confine the detail to modern discoveries, and to such parts, as those discoveries have helped to im p r o v e : and mo’re especially to the points which determine the courses o f the Niger and N ile . T h e western and southern coasts, from the Strait o f G ib ra lta r to the Eq uato r, have been newly constructed for the present purpose. M . F le u - rieu’s authorities have been fo llow ed in respect o f C ape V erd, C ape Blan co , and the C ana ry Islands. T h e coasts o f M o ro c c o and F e z , rest on the authority o f D o n T o f in o ’ s charts, in the Spanish a t la s : and between M o ro c c o and C a p e B lan co , various authorities have been admitted, in the different p a r ts: as it appeared to me, that M . F leu r ieu had not rightly conceived'the position o f C ape Bajador. T h e coasts o n the south and east o f C a p e V e rd , are drawn in conformity to the ideas o f Captain Price. T h is gentleman, in |he R o y a l Charlotte East In d ia ship in 1 7 9 3 , had an opportunity o f adjusting the longitudes o f some important points j which longitudes M r . Dalrymple applied to the correction o f the ex is ting charts o f the coast, and with his accustomed lib erality and zeal fo r the improvement o f science, permitted me to avail m y se lf o f the use o f these corrections, previous to his own publication o f them, in a different form. I t is to the same invaluable Journal o f Capt. P r ic e , that I am indebted fo r some o f the most important notices respecting the variation o f the compass, along the coast o f Guinea , & c . ; and without which notices, the approximation o f the quantity o f variation in the interior o f A fr ica , could no t have been accomplished. (See ab o v e , p. x x v i.) - T h e result is, that the coast o f G u in e a has several degrees more o f extent from east to w e s t ; and that the breadth o f South A fr ic a at the Equator, is less , than M. D ’A n v ille had supposed. N o alteration has been made in the coasts within the Mediterranean, save in the form and position o f the G u l f o f Alexandretta, and the adjacent .coasts. T h e R e d Sea, o r Arabian G u lf, as well as the whole course o f the N ile , h ave been re-constructed fo r the present purpose. F o r the former, a g rew co llection o f new materials has been furnished b y Mr. D alrymple. T h is includes a new chart o f the whole G u l f b y Captain W h ite , made in 1 7 9 5 : but I have not fo llowed either that o r any other s in g le authority throug hout: but have made such alterations as appeared to be warranted, on an examination and comparison o f the different materials. T h e upper part o f the G u lf, between S u e z and Y am b o , is however, preserv ed entire, as Capt. W h ite drew it. T h e position o f the G u lf, is thus adjusted: Capt. W h ite , b y tw o observations o f eclipses o f J u p ite r ’s first satellite, found the longitude o f S u e z to be 30° 28’ 30” east o f G r e e nw ich : and a mean o f 76 lunar observations differed less than a minute from the former. T h e difference o f longitude between S u e z and M o ch a , near the entrance o f the G u lf, is, b y the mean o f five different accounts, 1 1° 4 ', which added to 3 20 28' giv es 43° 3 2 ' for the longitude o f Mo cha : and which is nearly a mean between the different results, b y timekeepers. B u t until a g rea ter number o f celestial observations are taken at the mouth o f the G u lf, its position cannot be deemed exact. Gape G ua rdafui, is p laced b y timekeeper observations, in 5 1 ° 1 2 ' longitu d e : i t 0 4 3 ' o f latitude. T h e adjustment o f the low e r part o f the course o f the N ile , to the shores o f the R ed sea, differs v e r y much from M . D ’A n v ille ’s map. H e supposed that the N ile , in its course from the lower Cataract (near SyeneJ to C a iro , gradually approached towards the A rabian G u lf : but late observations shew’ that it runs nearly parallel to it, throughout that extent, which is about 7 degrees o f latitude. H e n c e the distance across, between the p ort o f Ko s ire and Ghinna, on the N ile , is much less than M . D ’A n v ille supposed; he having allowed about n o G . miles, although 9 0 -is about the truth.* I t may be p roper to state, that the lin e between K o s ire and Ghinna is b y no means the shortest, that can be drawn between the N ile and the R e d Mr. Bruce reckoned 44! hours of the caravan (with camels) between Kosire and Kuft (that IS Coptos), near Guinna: Mr. Irwin 46 from Kosire to Banute, situated at
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