With this evidence in view, it is difficult to account for the grounds on which
Semper*, after the examination of specimens, grouped the two forms as identical,
merging C. Korenii, Lutken, into C. Hyndmanni. It consequently follows that his adopted
association of P. caldgera, Stimpson, with G. Hyndmanni is equally erroneous.
Distribution.
a. Greenland: Godhavn, lat. 69° N. (‘ Valorous3 Exped.); Fiskemsesset (Lutken);
Arksut, 15-25 fms., mud bottom (Barrett).
b. North o f American Continent: Assistance Bay, about lat. 74° N., 7-10 fms.,
muddy bottom (Penny's Damped.), the most northern locality on record; Labrador, 15 fms,,
sandy bottom (Packard, fide Verrill); Massachusetts (Verrill).
Description o f the Illustrations o f this Species on Plate I.
Fig. 3. Cucumaria caldgera: natural size,
4. Sketch of the mouth-ring and adjacent parts of a young individual:
magnified.
5. Generative tubes at an early stage of growth: magnified.
6. Spicules of the superficial layer in situ: magnified.
7. Small spicule in profile: magnified.
8. Disk at the extremity of the sucker-foot: magnified.
O rcula B a r th ii, Troschel.
1846. Orcula Barthii, Troschel, "Wiegm. Archiv f. Naturgesch. Jahrg. xii. p. 63.
1857. Orcula Barthii, Lutken, Vid. Meddel. 1ST. Forening i Kjobenhavn, 1857, p. 9.
1867. Orcula Barthii, Selenka, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. xvii. p. 352.
1868. Orcula Barthii, Semper, Beisen im Axchipel der Philippinen, Holothurien, pp. 68,274.
Dr. Liitken, in describing some Greenland examples of this Holothurian, states f
that they present a regular sausage form, with a length (in one which seemed to
have best preserved its natural proportions) of 3 inches and a thickness of over f inch.
The body-skin is brownish in colour, but almost concealed by the numerous bluish or
whitish sucker-feet with which the whole body is closely crowded. Neither in the
skin, which is thick and tough, nor in the feet is there any trace of solid calcareous
formations. A thick layer of transverse muscles lies under the outer skin; and also
five strong longitudinal bands, each of which gives off, at a distance from the anterior
extremity equal to about one third the entire length of the animal, a short thick
muscular bundle, which is attached to one of the radial elements of the oesophageal
ring, whilst the main bands themselves are continued up to the anterior extremity of
the body, and are then inclined backwards again, running as five thin narrow bands
along the outer wall of the inverted oesophagus until they reach the points of the
* Beisen im Axchipel der Philippinen, Holothurien, p. 237.
t The present writers haying unfortunately had no opportunity of examining this Holothuroid, have
accordingly availed themselves of giving the above translation of the observations made upon the form by
Dr. Chr. Lutken, the eminent and accurate Danish zoologist, in the memoir above quoted.
same pieces of the mouth-ring to which the muscular bundles above mentioned are
also attached. These thick transverse bundles are the musculi retractores of the
oesophagus and tentacles, whilst the finer longitudinal bands outside the gullet function
as m. extensor es. As these are much weaker than the former, it is natural to find that
the tentacles are, in all preserved examples, so thoroughly retracted that they can
only be seen by cutting open the oesophagus. The tentacles, 15 in number (ten large
and five very small, which alternate with them), are all finely branched as in Cucumaria.
Immediately below their point of origin is situated the deep cartilaginous mouth-ring,
which is composed of ten pieces merged together, five broad and five narrow, all forked
below, the five narrow pieces terminating upward with one point, and the broader with
two; and it is to these broader pieces that the above-mentioned muscular bands
(musculi retractores) are attached. The Polian vesicle is long and thin, with
moderately strong walls. The cloaca is clothed internally with a white sinewy skin;
and from the outside pass fine muscular filaments by which it is attached to the body-
wall of the animal. From the cloaca proceed the long thin-wailed intestine and the
respiratory apparatus, the latter presenting the usual character of thickly branched
tubes, the branches being fine and dilated at the extremities into vesicles. On the
side of the animal opposite to these organs, and, in the contracted condition, almost
equidistant from either end, lies the reproductive apparatus, having the appearance of
a bundle of fine, dilated, and here and there spool-shaped filaments.
Distribution.
a. Greenland: Holsteinborg, lat. 66° 56' N. (‘Valorous’ Exped.: this species or
new, fide Norman, loc. cit.), the most northern locality on record; Egedesminde, Ju-
lianshaab and Fiskemsesset (Lutken).
b. North o f American Continent: Labrador (Troschel).
P solu s ph a n ta pu s (Strussenfeldt), Jäger.
1765. Holothuria phantapus, Strussenfeldt, Act. Holm. 1765, p. 265, Taf. IQ.
1766. Holothuria phantapus, Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 1089.
1776. Holothu/ria phantapus, 0 . F . Müller, Zool. Dan. Prodr.no, 2803.
1777. A sd d ia rustica, Pennant, British Zoology, vol. iv. p. 48, pi. xxiii. fig. 35.
1789. Holothuria phantapus (Müller), Abildgaard, Zool. Dan. vol. iii. p. 54, tab. cxii., cxiii.
1816. Holothuria phantapus, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. ed. 1, vol. iii. p. 73.
1828. Ouvieria phantapus, Fleming, Hist. British Animals, p. 483.
1833. Psolus phantapus, Jäger, De Holothuriis, p. 21.
1834. Ouvieria phantapus, Blainville, Manuel d’Actinologie, p. 191, pi. 13. fig. 1.
1835. Psolus phantapus, Brandt, Prodr. Descrip, anim. ab Mertensio obs., fasc. i. p. 47.
1836. Guviera phantapus, Johnston, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Bist. vol. ix. p. 472, fig. 68.
1841, Psolus phantapus, Forbes, Hist. British Starfishes, p. 203.
1844, Ouvieria phantapus, Düben & Koren, K. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1844, p, 313,
1851. Psolus Icevigatus, Ayres, Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. pp. 25,36.
1853. Psolus phantapus, Stimpson, Syn. Mar. Invert. Grand Manan, p. 16.
1857. Psolus phantapus, Lütken, Vid. Meddel. N. Forening i Kjöbenhavn, 1857, p. 12.
C